In Japanese (jap.日 本 nihongo or nippongo), forms of respect, courtesy, respect or adoration towards our interlocutor are very important. They have changed for many years and are now in a simplified form. There are two options: – direct respect towards the partner of the conversation – restraint and modesty of the speaker as an...
JapaneseJapanese polite forms
In Japanese (jap.日 本 nihongo or nippongo), forms of respect, courtesy, respect or adoration towards our interlocutor are very important. They have changed for many years and are now in a simplified form. There are two options:
– direct respect towards the partner of the conversation
– restraint and modesty of the speaker as an expression of respect towards the partner of the Keigo conversation (jap. 敬)…
Keigo (Jap. 敬 語) is a Japanese language of salutation, which is divided into informal and formal languages. In turn, the formal language is divided into:
1) teineigo (jap.丁 寧 語) – neutral language (polite)
2) kenjōgo (jap. 謙 譲 語) – modest language (modest, tempting speaker)
3) sonkeigo (jap. 尊 敬 語) – honorific language (superior)
Of course, in other languages you can also have something like this, but it is much less clear and has less effect on grammar. In addition, it mainly concerns our interlocutor, e.g. Mr./Mrs.
Sonkeigo and kenjōgo are used for older people or people with higher social status, such as in an employee-employer or student-teacher relationship. Teineigo, on the other hand, is usually used for people who are equal to us in terms of social status, or when this position is still unknown to us. It is a formal language, and it is a language that is mastered at the beginning of learning.
Below is a table where you can see how verbs change depending on whether they are in sonkeigo or kenjōgo.
czasownik obojętny |
sonkeigo |
kenjōgo |
znaczenie |
iku 行く |
irassharu いらっしゃる |
mairu 参る |
iść, jechać |
miru 見る |
goranninaru 御覧になる |
haikensuru 拝見する |
widzieć, oglądać |
taberu 食べる |
meshiagaru 召し上がる |
itadaku 頂く |
jeść |
There are many such examples, and it happens that one word can have several versions, depending on the degree of courtesy. Some verbs may occur, for example. sonkeigo, not kenjōgo.
In addition to verbs, nouns can also change, so the words and their more polite version are below:
Man: hito (jap. 人) – kata (jap. 方)
Tomorrow”: ashita (jap. 明日) – myōnichi (jap. 明日)
Yesterday: kinō (jap. 昨日) – sakujitsu (jap. 昨日)
Notice that, with the two words above, the text does not change in characters, but only reading it. For nouns, prefixes are often added:
1) o- (to Japanese nouns)
2) go- (to nouns of Sinjapan origin).
Warto również zapamiętać, że kiedy poruszamy temat rodziny drugiej osoby, należy używać odpowiednich słów, które będą ukazywać szacunek i grzeczność względem rozmówcy. Mówiąc w skrócie, innych słów używamy mówiąc o swoich bliskich, a innych w przypadku bliskich partnera rozmowy.
sonkeigo |
kenjōgo |
znaczenie |
otōsan lub otōsama お父さん lub お父様 |
chichi 父 |
ojciec |
okaasan lub okaasama お母さん lub お母様 |
haha 母 |
matka |
ojiisan lub ojiisama お祖父さん lub お祖父様 |
sofu 祖父 |
dziadek |
obaasan lub obaasama お祖母さん lub お祖母様 |
sobo 祖母 |
babcia |
ojisan lub ojisama 小父さん lub 小父様 |
oji 小父 |
wujek |
obasan lub obasama 小母さん lub 小母様 |
oba 小母 |
ciocia |
goshujin lub goshijunsama ご主人 lub ご主人様 |
shujin 主人 |
mąż |
okusan lub okusama 奥さん lub 奥様 |
tsuma 妻 |
żona |
musukosan 息子さん |
musuko 息子 |
syn |
ojōsan lub ojōsama お嬢さん lub お嬢様 |
musume 娘 |
córka |
oniisan lub oniisama お兄さん lub お兄様 |
ani 兄 |
starszy brat |
otōtosan 弟さん |
otōto 弟 |
młodszy brat |
oneesan lub oneesama お姉さん lub お姉様 |
ane 姉 |
starsza siostra |
imōtosan 妹さん |
imōto 妹 |
młodsza siostra |
okosan lub okosama お子さん lub お子様 |
kodomo 子供 |
dziecko |
gokazoku ご家族 |
kazoku 家族 |
rodzina |
autor: SANDRA JAWORSKA